Spanish Empire - Wikipedia. The Spanish Empire (Spanish: Imperio espa. It reached the peak of its military, political and economic power under the Spanish Habsburgs. The Spanish Empire became the foremost global power of its time and was the first to be called the empire on which the sun never sets.
The Spanish Empire originated during the Age of Discovery after the voyages of Christopher Columbus. It comprised territories and colonies of the Spanish monarch in the Americas, Asia, Oceania and Africa, as the Greater Antilles, most of South America, Central America, and part of North America (including present day Florida, the Southwestern, and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States), as well as a number of Pacific Ocean archipelagos including the Philippines; and it lasted until the early 1. Spanish American wars of independence, which left only Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines and various territories in Africa still under Spanish rule. Following the Spanish–American War of 1. Spain ceded its last colonies in the Caribbean and the Pacific to the United States. Its last African colonies were granted independence or abandoned during Decolonisation of Africa finishing in 1. Surinenglish.com, the site for Southern Spain. Latest News in Malaga, Costa del Sol, Andalucia, Spain and Europe. The dynastic union between the Crown of Castile (which included the kingdom of Navarre after 1. Crown of Aragon. The unity did not mean uniformity. Portugal obtained several Papal bulls that acknowledged Portuguese control over the discovered territories, but Castile also obtained from the Pope the safeguard of its rights to the Canary Islands with the bulls Romani Pontifex dated 6 November 1. Dominatur Dominus dated 3. April 1. 43. 7. The conquest was completed with the campaigns of the armies of the Crown of Castile between 1. Gran Canaria (1. 47. La Palma (1. 49. 2–1. Tenerife (1. 49. 4–1. Treaty of Alc. Chronicler Pulgar wrote that the fame of the treasures of Guinea . The Crown officially organized this trade with Guinea: every caravel had to get a government license and to pay a tax on one- fifth of their profits (a receiver of the customs of Guinea was established in Seville in 1. Casa de Contrataci. As a result of this naval victory, at the Treaty of Alc. The two became known as the Catholic Monarchs, with their marriage a personal union that created a relationship between the Crown of Aragon and Castile, each with their own administrations, but ruled jointly by the two monarchs. The Catholic Monarchs then negotiated with Christopher Columbus, a Genoese sailor attempting to reach Cipangu (Japan) by sailing west. Castile was already engaged in a race of exploration with Portugal to reach the Far East by sea when Columbus made his bold proposal to Isabella. In the Capitulations of Santa Fe, dated on 1. April 1. 49. 2, Christopher Columbus obtained from the Catholic Monarchs his appointment as viceroy and governor in the lands already discovered. Spain's claim. These actions gave Spain exclusive rights to establish colonies in all of the New World from north to south (except Brazil), as well as the easternmost parts of Asia. The treaty of Tordesillas was confirmed by Pope Julius II in the bull Ea quae pro bono pacis on 2. January 1. 50. 6. Connect with Global Experts at American Neonatology Conferences, European Neonatal Nursing Conferences, Asian Perinatology Conferences held during December 04-06.The Spanish princes married the heirs of Portugal, England and the House of Habsburg. Following the same strategy, the Catholic Monarchs decided to support the Catalan- Aragonese house of Naples against Charles VIII of France in the Italian Wars beginning in 1. As King of Aragon, Ferdinand had been involved in the struggle against France and Venice for control of Italy; these conflicts became the center of Ferdinand's foreign policy as king. In these battles, which established the supremacy of the Spanish Tercios in European battlefields, the forces of the kings of Spain acquired a reputation for invincibility that would last until the mid- 1. After the death of Queen Isabella, Ferdinand, as Spain's sole monarch, adopted a more aggressive policy than he had as Isabella's husband, enlarging Spain's sphere of influence in Italy and against France. Ferdinand's first deployment of Spanish forces came in the War of the League of Cambrai against Venice, where the Spanish soldiers distinguished themselves on the field alongside their French allies at the Battle of Agnadello (1. Only a year later, Ferdinand became part of the Holy League against France, seeing a chance at taking both Milan — to which he held a dynastic claim – and Navarre. This war was less of a success than the war against Venice, and in 1. France agreed to a truce that left Milan in its control and recognized Spanish control of Upper Navarre. Papal Bulls and the Indies. But the Treaty of Villaf. This arrangement was ratified by successive monarchs, beginning with Charles I in 1. The political condition of the Indies were to transform from . Although the Alexandrine Bulls gave full, free and omnipotent power to the Catholic Monarchs. The first voyage established sovereignty for the crown, and the crown acted on the assumption that Columbus's grandiose assessment of what he found was true, so Spain negotiated the Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal to protect their territory on the Spanish side of the line. The crown fairly quickly reassessed its relationship with Columbus and moved to assert more direct crown control over the territory and extinguish his privileges. With that lesson learned, the crown was far more prudent in the specifying the terms of exploration, conquest, and settlement in new areas. The pattern in the Caribbean that played out over the larger Spanish Indies was exploration of an unknown area and claim of sovereignty for the crown; conquest of indigenous peoples or assumption of control without direct violence; settlement by Spaniards who were awarded the labour of indigenous people via the encomienda; and the existing settlements becoming the launch point for further exploration, conquest, and settlement, followed by the establishment institutions with officials appointed by the crown. The patterns set in the Caribbean were replicated throughout the expanding Spanish sphere, so although the importance of the Caribbean quickly faded after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire and the Spanish conquest of the Incas, many of those participating in those conquests had started their exploits in the Caribbean. As a Genoese with the connections to Portugal, Columbus considered settlement to be on the pattern of trading forts and factories, with salaried employees to trade with locals and to identify exploitable resources. Columbus's second voyage in 1. However, as the Caribbean became a draw for Spanish settlement and as Columbus and his extended Genoese family failed to be recognized as officials worthy of the titles they held, there was unrest. Columbus encountered the mainland in 1. Taking advantage of a revolt against Columbus in Hispaniola, they appointed Francisco de Bobadilla as governor of the Indies with civil and criminal jurisdiction over the lands discovered by Columbus. Bobadilla, however, was soon replaced by Nicol. The successors of Columbus, however, litigated against the Crown until 1. Those from the less prosperous Hispaniola were eager to search for new success in a new settlement. From there Juan Ponce de Le. In 1. 51. 3, Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the West coast of the New World. In an action with enduring historical import, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and all the lands adjoining it for the Spanish Crown. The territory of Castilla de Oro did not include either Veragua (which was comprised approximately between the Chagres River. That way, several towns and outposts in the North African coast were conquered and occupied by Castile: Mazalquivir (1. Pe. In the Atlantic coast, Spain took possession of the outpost of Santa Cruz de la Mar Peque. As a result of the marriage politics of the Catholic Monarchs (in Spanish, Reyes Cat. Charles became the most powerful man in Europe; the extent of his empire was unrivaled until the Napoleonic era. It was often said during this time that it was the empire on which the sun never set. The sprawling overseas empire of the Spanish Golden Age was controlled, not from inland Valladolid, but from Seville. The supreme body for administering the Indies was the Council of the Indies, established in 1. It did stimulate some trade and industry, but the trading opportunities encountered were limited. Matters began to change in the 1. Mexico's Guanajuato region, but it was the opening of the silver mines in Mexico's Zacatecas and Potos. During the 1. 6th century, Spain held the equivalent of US$1. New Spain. These imports contributed to inflation in Spain and Europe from the last decades of the 1. This situation was aggravated by the loss of a substantial part of the commercial and artisanal classes with the expulsions of the Jews (1. Moriscos (1. 60. 9). Much more damaging were the vast imports of silver that plagued the country with inflation that made local manufactures uncompetitive and ultimately made Spain overly dependent on foreign sources of raw materials and manufactured goods. Furthermore, the natural resource abundance provoked a decline in entrepreneurship as profits from resource extraction are less risky. The Habsburg dynasty spent the Castilian and American riches in wars across Europe on behalf of Habsburg interests, and declared moratoriums (bankruptcies) on their debt payments several times. These burdens led to a number of revolts across the Spanish Habsburg's domains, including their Spanish kingdoms, but the rebellions were put down. The Habsburgs pursued several political goals: Spanish intervention in Europe. He invaded the Spanish possessions in Italy in 1. Franco- Spanish conflict. The war was a disaster for France, which suffered defeat in the Battle of Biccoca (1. Battle of Pavia (1. Francis I was captured and imprisoned in Madrid. Charles grew exhausted with the pope's meddling in what he viewed as purely secular affairs.
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